Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Editorial

Effects of Sitagliptin on Insulin and Glucagon Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ji Hyun Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(4):304-306. Published online August 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.4.304

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Original Article

Severe Hypoglycemia Is a Serious Complication and Becoming an Economic Burden in Diabetes: Won Chul Ha, Su Jin Oh, Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Min Lee, Sang Ah Chang, Tae Seo Sohn, Hyun Shik Son; Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(4):280-284. Published online August 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.280

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Background

The prevalence of hypoglycemia is increasing due to the growing incidence of diabetes and the latest strict guidelines for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels under 7%. This study examined the clinical characteristics, causal factors, and medical costs of severely hypoglycemic patients in an emergency room (ER) of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital.

Methods

The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of the characteristics, risk factors, and medical costs of 320 severely hypoglycemic patients with diabetes who presented to an ER of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2009.

Results

Most hypoglycemic patients (87.5%, 280/320) were over 60 years old with a mean age of 69.5±10.9 years and a mean HbA1c level of 6.95±1.46%. Mean serum glucose as noted in the ER was 37.9±34.5 mg/dL. Renal function was decreased, serum creatinine was 2.0±2.1 mg/dL and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 48.0±33.6 mL/min/1.73 m². In addition, hypoglycemic patients typically were taking sulfonylureas or insulin and a variety of other medications, and had a long history of diabetes.

Conclusion

Severe hypoglycemia is frequent in older diabetic patients, subjects with low HbA1c levels, and nephropathic patients. Therefore, personalized attention is warranted, especially in long-term diabetics with multiple comorbidities who may not have been properly educated or may need re-education for hypoglycemia.

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Response

Response: The Effect of an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Hypertension (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:236-42): Ji Hyun Kim, Su Jin Oh, Jung Min Lee, Eun Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min, Hyun Shik Son, Sang Ah Chang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):429-430. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.429

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Original Articles

The Effect of an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Hypertension: Ji Hyun Kim, Su Jin Oh, Jung Min Lee, Eun Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung Wan Min, Hyun Shik Son, Sang Ah Chang; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(3):236-242. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.3.236

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Background

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study analyzed the changes in central aortic waveforms and pulse wave velocity as well as related parameters after treatment with valsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Methods

We used pulse wave analysis to measure central aortic waveform in a total of 98 subjects. In 47 of these patients, pulse wave velocity measurements were obtained before and after 12 weeks of treatment with valsartan.

Results

In the central aortic waveform analysis, the aortic pulse pressure and augmentation index were significantly decreased after valsartan treatment, as was the aortic pulse wave velocity. Factors contributing to the improvement in pulse wave velocity were the fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c levels.

Conclusion

Short-term treatment with valsartan improves arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and the glucose status at baseline was associated with this effect.

Citations

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Mechanisms underlying the blood pressure‐lowering effects of empagliflozin, losartan and their combination in people with type 2 diabetes: A secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial
Rosalie A. Scholtes, Charlotte M. Mosterd, Anne C. Hesp, Mark M. Smits, Hiddo J. L. Heerspink, Daniël H. van Raalte
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(1): 198. CrossRef
Distinct effects of losartan and atenolol on vascular stiffness in Marfan syndrome
Ami B Bhatt, J Stewart Buck, Jonah P Zuflacht, Jessica Milian, Samoneh Kadivar, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Michael N Singh, Mark A Creager
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The impact of angiotensin receptor blockers on arterial stiffness: a meta-analysis
Feng Peng, Hongming Pan, Bin Wang, Jinxiu Lin, Wenquan Niu
Hypertension Research.2015; 38(9): 613. CrossRef
Arterial stiffness in atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension
Ljiljana Fodor, Vedran Premužić, Vanja Ivković, Dražen Perkov, Mario Laganović, Tajana Željković Vrkić, Živka Dika, Marijana Živko, Bojan Jelaković
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Improvement of arterial wall characteristics by the low-dose fluvastatin and valsartan combination in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients
Vedran Savić, Barbara Eržen, Miodrag Janić, Mojca Lunder, Maja Boncelj, Karin Kanc, Andrej Janež, Mišo Šabovič
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research.2013; 10(5): 420. CrossRef
The association between regional arterial stiffness and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes
Won Jun Kim, Cheol-Young Park, Se Eun Park, Eun Jung Rhee, Won Young Lee, Ki Won Oh, Sung Woo Park, Sun Woo Kim, SuJeong Song
Atherosclerosis.2012; 225(1): 237. CrossRef
Letter: The Effect of an Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Hypertension (Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:236-42)
Chul-Hee Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(4): 427. CrossRef

Effect of Diabetes Education Program on Glycemic Control and Self Management for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.: Ji Hyun Kim, Sang Ah Chang; Korean Diabetes J. 2009;33(6):518-525. Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.6.518

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BACKGROUND
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease requiring continuous treatment and vigorous self-management. Reinforcement of effective self management and diabetes education are important factors in successful treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the current diabetes education program on blood glucose control, self-management, and self-efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 592 patients with newly diagnosed or uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited to the diabetes education program from January to December 2007. We surveyed 338 patients from April to July 2008. A total of 117 patients had biochemical examinations and completed a questionnaire about knowledge, self-management and self-efficacy of diabetes treatment (no education group (n = 23), education group (n = 94)). RESULTS: The total scores from the questionnaires and the results of laboratory data showed no differences between the two groups. However, there were significant reductions in hemoglobin A1c level in the education group, as compared with the no education group (P = 0.039). Although the score for knowledge about diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in the education group (P = 0.005), greater knowledge was not reflected in the self-management or self-efficacy of the patients. CONCLUSION: The current diabetes education program had no effect on the self-management or self-efficacy of patients with diabetes, although did show some degree of association with blood glucose control and diabetes knowledge level. We conclude that a more effective diabetes education program needs to be developed and applied to daily practice for the improvement ofself-efficacy in patients with diabetes mellitus.

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Eun-Hyun Lee, Jaap van der Bijl, Lillie M. Shortridge-Baggett, Seung Jin Han, Seung Hei Moon
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The Effects of Exendin-4 on IRS-2 Expression and Phosphorylation in INS-1 Cells.: Ji Hyun Kim, Ji Won Kim, Sung Yoon Jeon, Heon Seok Park, Dong Sik Ham, Young Hye You, Seung Hwan Lee, Jae Hyoung Cho, Mi Ja Kang, Kang Woo Lee, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Bong Yun Cha, Kwang Woo Lee, Sung Koo Kang, Ho Young Son; Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(2):102-111. Published online April 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.2.102

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) is a key regulator of beta cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study was aimed to investigate effect of the glucolipotoxicity on apoptosis in INS-1 cell, and the effect of Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, on IRS-2 expression in the glucolipotoxicity induced INS-1 cell. The goal was to discover the new action mechanism and function of Exendin-4 in beta cell apoptosis. METHOD: INS-1 cells were cultured in glucolipotoxic condition for 2, 4 or 6 days and were categorized as G groups. Another group in which 50 nM Exendin-4 was added to INS-1 cells, cultured in glucolipotoxic condition, were named as Ex-4 groups. We investigated the expression of IRS-2 by RT-PCR, phosphorylated IRS-2 and phosphorylated Akt protein levels by western blot. We measured the apoptosis ratio of INS-1 cell in glucolipotoxic condition by TUNEL staining in both groups. RESULT: IRS-2 expression of INS-1 cells decreased with correlation to the time of exposure to glucolipotoxic condition. pIRS-2 and pAkt protein levels decreased in the similar pattern in glucolipotoxicity group. However, this effect of glucolipotoxicity on INS-1 cell was inhibited by the Exendin-4 treatment. In the Ex-4 groups, IRS-2 expression, pIRS-2 and pAkt protein levels remained at the similar level to low glucose condition state. Also, apoptosis induced by glucolipotoxicity was suppressed by Exendin-4 treatment significantly. CONCLUSION: We showed that the long-term treatment of Exendin-4 inhibited the apoptosis of beta cells significantly in glucolipotoxic condition and that this effect of Exendin-4 was related with IRS-2 and Akt among the beta cell's intracellular signal transduction pathway.

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